Ускладнення міжконфесійних взаємовідносин на Волині напередодні та під час Першої світової війни
Date
2022
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Abstract
Метою статті є дослідження ролі православного духовенства у загостренні міжконфесійних взаємовідносин на Волині на початку ХХ ст. Авторами досліджено архівні документи та матеріали періодичної преси досліджуваного періоду, в яких висвітлено ключові напрями причин і наслідків виникнення міжконфесійного протистояння на Волині, роль у цьому Російської православної церкви, органів влади та Почаївського відділу Союзу російського народу. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на використанні загальнонаукових методів дослідження (аналізу, синтезу й узагальнення) та спеціальних історичних (порівняльно-історичного та хронологічного), що у поєднанні з принципами об’єктивності, історизму та поліфакторності створило необхідні умови для неупередженого висвітлення поставлених завдань. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у тому, що автори на основі архівних документів та матеріалів періодичної преси з’ясували роль православного кліру, органів імперської влади та чорносотенців у загостренні міжконфесійних взаємовідносин на Волині у досліджуваний період. Висновки. Після підписання імператором Миколою ІІ маніфесту 17 квітня 1905 р. створено умови для переходу православних до інших конфесій. Враховуючи особливості етнонаціонального складу населення Волинської губернії, ці процеси у ній набрали значного розмаху. Православне духовенство спільно з чорносотенцями, які відігравали важливу роль у політичному житті регіону, робили усе можливе, щоб дискредитувати представників інших конфесій в очах широких верств населення. Однак, незважаючи на таку позицію, кількість протестантів і римо-католиків на Волині неухильно зростала. Це зумовлено не стільки пропагандою їхніх віровчень серед жителів краю, змішаними шлюбами, а насамперед тими негативними процесами, що відбувалися у середовищі православного духовенства, передусім православних священників. Події Першої світової війни православний клір використовував для посилення наступу на протестантські громади, безпідставно звинувачуючи їх у зв’язках із Німеччиною, що ще більше загострювало міжконфесійні взаємовідносини. Проведення антипротестантських і антикатолицьких курсів не лише за участі ревнителів Союзу російського народу, «союзників», священників, а й учителів Закону Божого у початкових школах, свідчили про спробу зумовити новий виток протистояння між представниками різних конфесій.
The purpose of the article is to study the role of the Orthodox clergy in the aggravation of inter-confessional relations in Volyn at the beginning of the 20th century. The authors have researched archival documents and periodical press materials of the researched period, which highlight the key directions of the causes and consequences of the inter-confessional confrontation in Volyn, the role of the Russian Orthodox Church, authorities and the Pochaiv branch of the Union of the Russian People in this. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis and generalization) and special historical (comparative-historical and chronological) methods, which, in combination with the principles of objectivity, historicism and multifactoriality, created the necessary conditions for impartial coverage of the tasks. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the authors, on the basis of archival documents and materials from the periodical press, found out the role of the Orthodox clergy, the imperial authorities and the Black Hundreds in the aggravation of inter-religious relations in Volyn in the period under study. Conclusions. After Emperor Nicholas II signed the manifesto on April 17, 1905, conditions were created for the transition of Orthodox to other denominations. Taking into account the peculiarities of the ethno-national composition of the population of the Volyn province, these processes have gained significant momentum in it. The Orthodox clergy, together with the Black Hundreds, who played an important role in the political life of the region, did everything possible to discredit representatives of other faiths in the eyes of the general population. However, despite this position, the number of Protestants and Roman Catholics in Volyn steadily increased. This was caused not so much by the propaganda of their beliefs among the inhabitants of the region, by mixed marriages, but primarily by those negative processes that took place among the Orthodox clergy, primarily Orthodox priests. The events of the First World War were used by the Orthodox clergy to intensify their attacks on Protestant communities, unjustifiably accusing them of ties to Germany, which further aggravated inter-religious relations. Conducting anti-Protestant and anti-Catholic courses not only with the participation of zealots of the Union of the Russian People, «allies», priests, but also teachers of the Law of God in primary schools, testified to an attempt to create a new round of confrontation between representatives of different faiths.
The purpose of the article is to reveal the process and features of the formation of legal framework of the tax system developed by the Narkomprod of Ukrainian SSR in 1919–1923. The methodological basis of the research consists of the principles of historicism, scientificity and objectivity, which are implemented through general scientific methods – analysis, synthesis and generalization, as well as special historical ones – historical-genetic, historical-systemic, historicalcomparative. The scientific novelty of the work includes the problem statement which was not a subject of a special study in the past, involving new archival and printed sources, unique generalizations and conclusions. The latter is based on the fact that the Bolshevik idea and practice of prodrozverstka, its state bodies were formed in Moscow from the very beginning and administratively extended to Ukraine. Government resolutions, decrees and orders reveal the evolution of organizational forms of sales tax were denying the principle of razvyorstka, elements of which were observed in regulatory legal acts and tax practices at the beginning of NEP. Tax in kind was replaced by the product tax, which was levied according to the razvyorstka principle until March 1921. But it was transformed into a so-called "multiplicity" of separate tax in kind types with the use of administrative and judicial methods of influence on payers. The relative universalization of the sales tax occurred as a result of the introduction of a single natural tax, which canceled the multi-planning of individual natural taxes. The single agricultural tax of 1923/1924, paid “in kind” and “in money”, completed the unification of the tax system. The Narkomprod's system that existed for five years, gave way to the tax system of the Narkomfin of Ukrainian SSR.
The purpose of the article is to study the role of the Orthodox clergy in the aggravation of inter-confessional relations in Volyn at the beginning of the 20th century. The authors have researched archival documents and periodical press materials of the researched period, which highlight the key directions of the causes and consequences of the inter-confessional confrontation in Volyn, the role of the Russian Orthodox Church, authorities and the Pochaiv branch of the Union of the Russian People in this. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis and generalization) and special historical (comparative-historical and chronological) methods, which, in combination with the principles of objectivity, historicism and multifactoriality, created the necessary conditions for impartial coverage of the tasks. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the authors, on the basis of archival documents and materials from the periodical press, found out the role of the Orthodox clergy, the imperial authorities and the Black Hundreds in the aggravation of inter-religious relations in Volyn in the period under study. Conclusions. After Emperor Nicholas II signed the manifesto on April 17, 1905, conditions were created for the transition of Orthodox to other denominations. Taking into account the peculiarities of the ethno-national composition of the population of the Volyn province, these processes have gained significant momentum in it. The Orthodox clergy, together with the Black Hundreds, who played an important role in the political life of the region, did everything possible to discredit representatives of other faiths in the eyes of the general population. However, despite this position, the number of Protestants and Roman Catholics in Volyn steadily increased. This was caused not so much by the propaganda of their beliefs among the inhabitants of the region, by mixed marriages, but primarily by those negative processes that took place among the Orthodox clergy, primarily Orthodox priests. The events of the First World War were used by the Orthodox clergy to intensify their attacks on Protestant communities, unjustifiably accusing them of ties to Germany, which further aggravated inter-religious relations. Conducting anti-Protestant and anti-Catholic courses not only with the participation of zealots of the Union of the Russian People, «allies», priests, but also teachers of the Law of God in primary schools, testified to an attempt to create a new round of confrontation between representatives of different faiths.
The purpose of the article is to reveal the process and features of the formation of legal framework of the tax system developed by the Narkomprod of Ukrainian SSR in 1919–1923. The methodological basis of the research consists of the principles of historicism, scientificity and objectivity, which are implemented through general scientific methods – analysis, synthesis and generalization, as well as special historical ones – historical-genetic, historical-systemic, historicalcomparative. The scientific novelty of the work includes the problem statement which was not a subject of a special study in the past, involving new archival and printed sources, unique generalizations and conclusions. The latter is based on the fact that the Bolshevik idea and practice of prodrozverstka, its state bodies were formed in Moscow from the very beginning and administratively extended to Ukraine. Government resolutions, decrees and orders reveal the evolution of organizational forms of sales tax were denying the principle of razvyorstka, elements of which were observed in regulatory legal acts and tax practices at the beginning of NEP. Tax in kind was replaced by the product tax, which was levied according to the razvyorstka principle until March 1921. But it was transformed into a so-called "multiplicity" of separate tax in kind types with the use of administrative and judicial methods of influence on payers. The relative universalization of the sales tax occurred as a result of the introduction of a single natural tax, which canceled the multi-planning of individual natural taxes. The single agricultural tax of 1923/1924, paid “in kind” and “in money”, completed the unification of the tax system. The Narkomprod's system that existed for five years, gave way to the tax system of the Narkomfin of Ukrainian SSR.
Description
Історія. Історія України.
Keywords
Волинь, міжконфесійні взаємовідносини, протестанти, православне духовенство, Volyn, inter-confessional relations, Protestants, Orthodox clergy
Citation
Гаврилюк С. Ускладнення міжконфесійних взаємовідносин на Волині напередодні та під час Першої світової війни. / С. Гаврилюк, Я. Цецик, Ю. Олексін // Наукові записки Вінницького державного педагогічного університету імені Михайла Коцюбинського. Серія: Історія. Вип. 41. Збірник наукових праць / За заг. ред. О. А. Мельничука. – Вінниця: ВДПУ, 2022. – С. 18-25.