Теоретичні та методичні засади інтеграції природничонаукової та професійно-практичної підготовки майбутніх лікарів

Abstract

У дисертації обгрунтовано проблему підготовки майбутнього лікаря на основі використання інтегративного підходу. Викладено авторську концепцію та розроблено модель інтеграції природничонаукової і професійно-практичної підготовки майбутнього лікаря. Обгрунтовано концептуальні засади формування та загальнопедагогічні умови реалізації системи інтеграції й експериментально доведено ефективність її впровадження у медичних закладах вищої освіти. Виокремлено загальнонаукові підходи та обгрунтовано методологічні передумови інтеграції природничонаукової та професійно-практичної підготовки майбутнього лікаря. Виявлено проблеми професійно-практичної підготовки майбутнього лікаря і визначено особливості його природничонаукової підготовки як когнітивної основи профілактики, діагностики та лікування хворого. Розроблено основи інтеграції змісту освіти лікаря. Розроблено методичні основи впровадження пропонованої системи інтеграції. У процесі її реалізації конкретизвоано методи та форми навчання на прикладах окремих інтегрованих дисциплін. Експериментально доведено, що використання цієї системи сприятиме підвищенню рівня освіти і формуванню готовності майбутнього лікаря до професійної діяльності.

В диссертации обосновано проблему подготовки будущего врача на основе использования интегративного подхода. Изложена авторская концепция и разработана модель интеграции естественнонаучной и профессионально-практической подготовки будущего врача. Обоснованы концептуальные основы формирования и общепедагогические условия реализации системы интеграции и экспериментально доказана эффективность ее внедрения в учреждениях высшего медицинского образования. Выделены общенаучные подходы и обоснованы методологические предпосылки интеграции естественнонаучной и профессионально-практической подготовки будущего врача. Выявлены проблемы профессионально-практической подготовки будущего врача и определены особенности его естественнонаучной подготовки как когнитивной основы профилактики, диагностики и лечения больного. Разработаны основы интеграции содержания образования врача. Разработаны методические основы внедрения предлагаемой системы интеграции. В процессе реализации конкретизированы методы и формы обучения на примерах отдельных интегрированных дисциплин. Экспериментально доказано, что использование этой системы будет способствовать повышению уровня образования и формированию готовности будущего врача к профессиональной деятельности.

For the first time in thesis the problem of preparing a future doctor is based on the use of an integrative approach. The author's concept is outlined and the model of integration of the natural sciences is developed and vocational training of a future doctor, the general educational conditions of realization in the integrative system for natural science, are substantiated. The professional practical training of the doctors experimentally proved the effectiveness of its implementation in the educational process of higher medical education institutions. The relevance of the chosen problem is confirmed by the fact that the integration processes in education are connected with a number of contradictions between: the tendency for integration in the professional training of specialists and the lack of level of elaboration of the integration theory in relation to the training of the future physician; objective unity of natural sciences and professional-practical training of the future doctor and their disunity in the real educational process. To solve these contradictions the theoretical and methodological substantiation was carried out, as well as, the integrated system of natural sciences and professional and practical training of the doctors was developed. It has been practically proved that the integrative approach is realized at the level of disciplines content in two ways: internal integration of the content of natural science training for future physicians and external integration of natural science training with the basics of clinical disciplines. It is proved that the content of professional medical education, built on the basis of integration, ensures the professional orientation of natural sciences. The general scientific approaches to the integration of natural sciences and professional-practical trainings for a future doctor are singled out and appropriate levels of integration are defined (cognitive, activity and competence). The peculiarities of the professional activity of the future physician are analyzed, proceeding from the theoretical foundations of medical knowledge and experience of practice. It was found out that complexity and originality of cognitive medical activity is connected with the fact that the object of knowledge in medicine is a person, normal and pathological happiness. Argumentative, that the functions of medical knowledge are therapeutic, reconstructive and preventive, which can be ensured in the process of using the integrative system of natural sciences and professional-practical disciplines. The role of natural sciences is argued and their importance and potential integration opportunities with the doctor's training are shown. It is substantiated that the doctrine of truth in medicine is specific in terms of levels of thinking: scientific-theoretical and clinical. It is established that the scientific and theoretical thinking of the physician is based on clinical thinking, in addition it contains general-specific features inherent in general scientific knowledge. This thinking is associated with the discovery of new facts, patterns, theories that reveal the course of a particular pathological process, the knowledge of specific nosological units. In the dissertation research the interpretation of the content of natural science education of students of medical specialties is presented - a scientifically proven system of didactic and methodically substantiated educational material, which contains the natural science training of a medical specialist. The basics on the concrete examples of the method of integrated training as the result of the introduction of the integrative system of natural science and professional-practical training of the future doctor are described. It is substantiated that the formation of the content of natural science training of doctors is realized on several levels: selection of educational material for identifying integration opportunities in natural science training for future physicians; structuring content on the basis of an integrative approach and a professional focus on medical knowledge and skills; an analysis of the possibilities of using the synergetic approach in shaping the content of the future physician's natural science training; the formation of an integrative system of the content of natural science training in the context of a competent approach. The general pedagogical conditions of formation of the integrative system of natural sciences and professional-practical training of future doctors are determined. It has been established that the process of designing the contents of the training of future physicians should be taken into account: innovation and constant updating in the context of modern educational reforms and achievements of medical and natural sciences. The effectiveness of implementation of the proposed model, which involves increasing the professional competence of the future physician as a result of integration of its natural science and professional-practical training, has been experimentally proved.