Роль жінок-педагогів-просвітителів в освітньому процесі другої половини ХІХ – першої половини ХХ століття

Abstract

У статті розкрито стан освіти другої половини ХІХ – першої половини ХХ століття. Під час інтенсивного індустріального розвитку країни підприємницький прагматизм спонукав можновладців при багатьох фабриках і заводах засновувати школи, вечірні класи для робітників та їхніх дітей, професійні навчальні заклади. За таких умов за розвиток освіти в країні взялися земські й міські організації, інтелігенція, різні наукові й технічні товариства, представницькі об’єднання купців і промисловців та окремі заможні громадяни. Враховуючи низький рівень фінансування освіти державними установами, внесок усіх підприємців на розвиток освітніх закладів різних видів і рівнів був особливо вагомим. Серед таких меценатів, просвітителів і засновників дошкільних, навчальних закладів для дітей і дорослих були жінки К.А. Балашева, Христина Алчевська, Софія Русова.

The article reveals the state of education in the second half of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. During the intensive industrial development of the country, entrepreneurial pragmatism prompted the authorities, with many factories and factories, to establish schools, evening classes for workers and their children, vocational schools. Under such conditions, for the development of education in the country took the Zemsky and city organizations, intellectuals, various scientific and technical societies, representative associations of merchants and industrialists and some wealthy citizens. Taking into account the low level of financing of education by state institutions, the contribution of all entrepreneurs to the development of educational institutions of different types and levels was particularly significant. Among such philanthropists, educators and founders of pre-school, educational institutions for children and adults were K.A. Balasheva, Khrystyna Alchevskaya, Sofia Rusova. At the beginning of the 20th century, Sunday schools, or adult learning schools, which at that time played a significant role among educational institutions, became widespread in Ukrainian cities. Sunday schools were founded both by the state and by urban and rural communities, as well as by individuals. In the estate of Countess KA Balasheva, Moshnorodorodsk, Cherkassy region, which actively engaged in sugar cultivation and gargulation, contained 18 national church parish schools in villages and two two-class folk schools with craft departments in the towns of Moshny and Gorodishche. All of them were funded by the Countess. She fully supported two-class schools, as well as church-parish schools, in which more than 2000 children were studying. Since 1862, among them, Kharkiv women's free Sunday school of Khrystyna Danylivna Alchevskaya, wife of the famous industrialist and financier O.K. Alchevsky. As you can see, the activity of Kh.D. Alchevsk, Sofia Rusova had a pronounced national character. The concept of preschool education of Rusova, the development of school education issues, testify that they were patriots of Ukrainian land, they saw the true sources of the revival of the Ukrainian nation, in particular, the development of the state as a whole.