Особливості функціонування комічного в сучасній українській політичній комунікації

Abstract

У статті окреслено специфіку функціонування комічних засобів у сучасному українському політичному дискурсі. З’ясовано місце комічного в політичній комунікації, установлено особливості сприйняття реципієнтом різних його видів. Обстежений матеріал уможливив аналіз засобів гумору, іронії, сатири та сарказму й особливостей їхньої реалізації в певних комунікативних ситуаціях політичного мовлення і висновок про те, що засоби гумору в українському політичному дискурсі вживають здебільшого в ситуаціях відвертання уваги від небажаної теми, зняття напруження ситуації, засоби іронії – для заспокоєння опонента, нівеляції звинувачень, сатири й сарказму − задля дискредитації чи гострого засудження опонента.

В статье рассматривается специфика функционирования комических средств в современном украинском политическом дискурсе. Выяснено место комического в политической коммуникации, установлены особенности восприятия различных его видов реципиентом. Обследованный материал сделал возможным анализ средств юмора, иронии, сатиры и сарказма, а также особенностей их реализации в определенных коммуникативных ситуациях политической речи и вывод о том, что средства юмора в украинском политическом дискурсе употребляют в основном в ситуациях отвлечения внимания от нежелательной темы, снятия напряжения ситуации, средства иронии – для успокоения оппонента, нивелирования обвинений, сатиры и сарказма – для дискредитации или острого осуждения оппонента.

The success of political communication depends not only on the ability of interaction with the audience, but also on the ability of witty reply to the comments of colleagues and opponents. The comical is an important component of socio-political and interpersonal relations between communicants. Humor began to be used increasingly as a critical reaction to political decisions in the situation of complexity and democratic interaction between the political elite and the people. It has become a part of political communication, being a product of civil society and its various manifestations and one of the most effective means of democratic society. Modern linguistics examines this phenomenon in various aspects and discourses. The necessity of analysis of the comical in political discourse is prompted by the intensification of research and growing interest to this concept in modern Ukrainian linguistics. Detailed analysis of the works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists made it possible to distinguish their main issues: the research of mechanism of creation and functioning of the comical; the analysis of this phenomenon in view of the cognitive pragmatic aspect; the study of linguistic means of its realization and systematization of literary genres. Public speaking implies direct contact of the speaker with the recipient. Such speech can reach a wider audience and make a significant impact on the formation of an image of politician, enhance support among the population due to modern technologies. Statesmen often use the ability to entertain or shock their audience through verbal or nonverbal behavior, increasing their own rating. Stylistic means of the comical have a rather effective impact on the electorate. The article deals with the specifics of the functioning of comical means in contemporary Ukrainian political discourse. It points out the place of the comical in political communication and the originality of perception of its different types. Selected material allowed to analyze the main means of humor, irony, satire and sarcasm and to find out the peculiarities of its realization in certain communicative situations of political speech. The research considers that means of humor in Ukrainian political discourse are used mostly in situations of diversion of attention from undesirable topics or in need to defuse the situation. Irony is commonly used if it is necessary to calm the opponents, to neutralize their accusations. Satire and sarcasm are used in order to discredit or to condemn the opponent. On the material of the fragments studied it was defined that humorous effect in Ukrainian political discourse is often created due to such linguistic means as wordplay, comparison, rhetorical questions, antithesis etc. The comical effect is achieved not only due to stylistic means, but also through intonation, facial expressions and gestures. There was found a significant amount of negatively marked vocabulary, the use of which aims to increase expressivity, transfers the emotional condition of a politician, and expresses resentment or outright mock. It was determined that the comical serves several important functions in political communication: promotes intellectual abilities of politicians; increases the level of political culture of politicians and society; attracts the attention of citizens to politicians; mitigates political conflicts, exempting it from monotony and uniformity; increases the interest to politics in general and its members in particular. The prospect of research is the analysis of modern means of the comical that are determined by national specifics and traditions reflected in the latest trends in language and society in general.